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[45] Small and Singer, Resort to Arms, 203 – 4.

[46] Ibid., 210 – 20; Henderson and Singer, “Civil War in the Post-colonial World,1946—92,” 284 – 85.

[47] Sambanis, “What Is Civil War? ”, 816.

[48] 有关其他的讨论，参见Duvall, “Appraisal of the Methodological and Statistical Procedures of the Correlates of War Project”; Cramer, Civil War Is Not a Stupid Thing, 57 – 86; Vasquez, War Puzzle Revisited, 27 – 29。

[49] metropole和periphery的区别后来被战争研究所抛弃了，Sarkees and Wayman, Resort to War, 43, 47。

[50] 这个困境甚至阻碍了耶鲁政治学家Stathis Kalyvas提出更为实用的内战定义：“Armed combat within the boundaries of a recognized sovereign entity between parties subject to a common authority at the outset of the hostilities.”Kalyvas, Logic of Violence in Civil War, 17 (my emphasis).

[51] Remak, Very Civil War, 157.

[52] hopkinson, Green Against Green, 272 – 73.

[53] Sutton, Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland, 1969—1993; Conflict Archive on the Internet, “Violence: Deaths During the Conflict.”

[54] Sambanis, “It’s Official”; see also Toft, “Is It a Civil War, or Isn’t It?”

[55] Annan, quoted in Cordesmann, Iraq’s Insurgency and the Road to Civil Conflict,2:393.

[56] Lando, “By the Numbers, It’s Civil War.”

[57] Wong, “Matter of Definition.”

[58] Erdo an, quoted in Cordesmann, Iraq’s Insurgency and the Road to Civil Conflict,2:393.

[59] Keeter, “Civil War.”

[60] Stansfield, “Accepting Realities in Iraq.”

[61] Fearon, “Testimony to U.S. House of Representatives …on ‘Iraq: Democracy or Civil War?’ ”

[62] Fearon, “Iraq’s Civil War.”

[63] Zavis, “Maliki Challenges ‘Civil War’ Label.”

[64] Taheri, “There Is No Civil War in Iraq.”

[65] Keegan and Bull, “What Is a Civil War?”

[66] Patten, “Is Iraq in a Civil War?”: 32, 27.

[67] U.S. Army Field Manual 100 – 20: Military Operations in Low Intensity Conflict,quoted in Patten, “Is Iraq in a Civil War?”: 28

[68] Patten, “Is Iraq in a Civil War?”: 29 (my emphasis).

[69] “Piú che ad una guerra fra nazioni, noi assistiamo ad una mondiale guerra civile”: Salvemini, “Non abbiamo niente da dire” (Sept. 4, 1914), in Come siamo andati in Libia e altri scritti dal 1900 al 1915, 366; “… dieser Großkriegist ein europäischer Burgerkrieg, ein Krieg gegen der inneren, unsichtbaren Feind des europäischen Geistes”: Marc, “Das geheime Europa” (Nov. 1914),in Marc, Schriften, 165; Losurdo, War and Revolution, trans. Elliott, 82;Traverso, A ferro e fuoco, 29.

[70] Keynes, Economic Consequences of the Peace, 5.

[71] Rusconi, Se cessiamo di essere una nazione, 101 – 21; Traverso, A ferroe fuoco;Traverso, “New Anti-Communism”; Cattani, “Europe as a Nation,” 8 – 9.

[72] Friedrich, “International Civil War,” in Foreign Policy in the Making, 223 – 53;Losurdo, “Une catégorie centrale du révisionnisme.”

[73] Roy, War and Revolution, 46 – 54, 83 – 91, 96, 108 – 9; Manjapra, M. N. Roy,128 – 29.

[74] Nolte, Der europäische Burgerkrieg, 1917—1945; Nipperdey, Doering Manteuffel, and Thamer, Weltburgerkrieg der Ideologien; Bonnet, “Réflexions et jeux d’échelles autour de la notion de ‘guerre civile européenne.’ ”另一种方法，参见Payne, Civil War in Europe, 1904—1949。

[75] Acheson, Present at the Creation, 4 – 5.

[76] John F. Kennedy, “State of the Union Address” (Jan. 11, 1962), in U.S. President(1961—1963: Kennedy), Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States:John F. Kennedy, 2:9; Miller, Modernism and the Crisis of Sovereignty, 15 – 16.

[77] Schmitt, Theory of the Partisan, trans. Ulmen, 95.

[78] Schmitt, Donoso Cortés in gesamteuropäischer Interpretation, 7 (“dereuropäische Bürgerkrieg von 1848…und der globale Weltbürgerkrieg der Gegenwart”), 18 – 19, 21, 85 – 86, 113 – 14; Schmitt, La guerre civile mondiale;Kesting, Geschichtsphilosophie und Weltburgerkrieg; Schnur, Revolution und Weltburgerkrieg; Portinaro, “L’epoca della guerra civile mondiale?”; Müller,Dangerous Mind, 104 – 15; Jouin, Le retour de la guerre juste, 269 – 90.

[79] Students for a Democratic Society, Port Huron Statement, 27.

[80] Arendt, On Revolution, 17; Bates, “On Revolutions in the Nuclear Age.”

[81] Galli, Political Spaces and Global War (2001—2), trans. Fay, 171 – 72; Härting,Global Civil War and Postcolonial Studies; Odysseos, “Violence After the State?”; Odysseos, “Liberalism’s War, Liberalism’s Order.”

[82] hardt and Negri, Multitude, 341.

[83] Agamben, State of Exception, trans. Attell, 2 – 3; see also Agamben, Stasis, trans. Heron, 24 (“The form that civil war has acquired today in world history is‘terrorism’… Terrorism is the ‘global civil war’ which time and again invests this or that zone of planetary space.”).

[84] On the congruences, empirical and definitional, between “civil war” and“terrorism,” see Findley and Young, “Terrorism and Civil War.”

[85] Jung, “Introduction: Towards Global Civil War?”

结语 关于内战的话

[1] Moses, “Civil War or Genocide?”; Rabinbach, “The Challenge of the Unprecedented.”

[2] Lepore, Name of War, xv.

[3] Kalyvas, “Civil Wars,” 416, where he notes it is “a phenomenon prone to serious semantic confusion, even contestation.” See also Waldmann, “Guerra civil”;Angstrom, “Towards a Typology of Internal Armed Conflict”; Sambanis, “What Is Civil War?”; Mundy, “Deconstructing Civil Wars”; González Calleja,Arbusti, and Pinto, “Guerre civili,” 34 – 42; González Calleja, Las guerras civiles, 34 – 78; Jackson, “Critical Perspectives,” 81 – 83.

[4] De Quincey, “[Fragments Relating to ‘Casuistry’]” (ca. 1839—43), in Works of Thomas De Quincey, 11:602.

[5] Pavone, Civil War, 269 – 70.

[6] Mamdani, “Politics of Naming”; Mamdani, Saviors and Survivors, 3 – 6.

[7] Freedman, “What Makes a Civil War?”

[8] Talmon, “Recognition of the Libyan National Transitional Council.”

后记

[1] http://www.iraqbodycount.org/database/; United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq, “Human Rights Report, 1 September–31 October 2006,” 4.

[2] Ted Widmer, Ark of the Liberties: America and the World (New York: Hill and Wang, 2008).