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[16] hugo, Les Misérables: A Novel, trans. Wilbour, 4:164 – 65.

[17] Laurent, “ ‘La guerre civile?’ ”; Caron, Frères de sang, 157 – 62.

[18] Beckert, Empire of Cotton, 242 – 73.

[19] Geyer and Bright, “Global Violence and Nationalizing Wars in Eurasia and America”; Bayly, Birth of the Modern World, 1780—1914, 148 – 65; Platt,Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom.

[20] Armitage et al., “Interchange.”

[21] Pavkovi , Creating New States, 65 – 94.

[22] Wimmer and Min, “From Empire to Nation-State,” 881 (quoted); Wimmer,Cederman, and Min, “Ethnic Politics and Armed Conflict”; Wimmer, Waves of War.

[23] “Meeting of the Sub-committee [of the Société Publique for the Relief of Wounded Combatants], held on March 17, 1863,” in International Committee of the Red Cross, “The Foundation of the Red Cross”: 67.

[24] Boissier, Histoire du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge, 391 – 94; Siordet,“The Geneva Conventions and Civil War”; Sivakumaran, The Law of Noninternational Armed Conflict,31 – 37. (此段中受益颇多。)

[25] Mill, “A Few Words on Non-intervention,” in Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, 21:120, 118, 121; Varouxakis, Liberty Abroad, 77 – 89.

[26] Mill, “The Contest in America” (1862), in Collected Works of John Stuart Mill,21:140, 142, 138; Varouxakis, “‘Negrophilist’ Crusader.”

[27] Pitts, “Intervention and Sovereign Equality.”

[28] “Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union” (Dec. 20, 1860), in Journal of the Convention of the People of South Carolina, Held in 1860, 1861 and 1862,461 – 66 (my emphasis).

[29] Lincoln, “Message to Congress in Special Session” ( July 4, 1861), in Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 4:426, 435, 436 (Lincoln’s emphases).

[30] Ibid., 4:433.

[31] Lincoln, “First Inaugural Address” (March 4, 1861), in Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 4:265.林肯最初使用treasonable而不是revolutionary。Ibid., 4:265n16.

[32] Pavkovic , Creating New States, 221 – 40.

[33] Lincoln, “Address Delivered at the Dedication of the Cemetery at Gettysburg,”in Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 7:23.

[34] Wright, “American Civil War (1861—65),” 43.

[35] Neff, Justice in Blue and Gray, 32 – 34.

[36] The Prize Cases, 67 U.S. 635 (1863); Mc Ginty, Lincoln and the Court, 118 – 43;Lee and Ramsey, “Story of the Prize Cases”; Neff, Justice in Blue and Gray,20 – 29.

[37] The Prize Cases, 67 U.S. 635 (1863), citing Vattel, Law of Nations 3.18.293, ed.Kapossy and Whatmore, 645.

[38] halleck, International Law, 73 – 75.

[39] 哈勒克还从约米尼那里衍生出wars of Islamism这个类别。哈勒克后来翻译了约米尼的Life of Napoleon。

[40] halleck, International Law, 332 – 33.

[41] Carroll, War Powers of the General Government, 7–8, citing Vattel, Law of Nations 3.18.293.

[42] Dyer, “Francis Lieber and the American Civil War”; Mack and Lesesne,Francis Lieber and the Culture of the Mind.

[43] Baxter, “First Modern Codification of the Law of War”; Hartigan, Military Rules, Regulations, and the Code of War; Witt, Lincoln’s Code; Finkelman,“Francis Lieber and the Modern Law of War.”

[44] Lieber to George Stillman Hillard, May 11, 1861, Lieber MSS, Henry E.Huntington Library, San Marino, Calif. (hereafter HEH), LI 2308.

[45] Lieber, “[Notes on the] English and Ferench [sic] Revolutions” (ca. 1850),Lieber MSS, HEH LI 365.

[46] Lieber, “Some Questions Answered–Secession–the Strength of Armies and Navys, &ca.” (ca. 1851), Lieber MSS, HEH LI 369.

[47] Lieber, “[Remarks Regarding the Right of Secession]” (ca. 1851), Lieber MSS,HEH LI 368.

[48] Lieber, “Twenty-Seven Definitions and Elementary Positions Concerning the Laws and Usages of War” (1861) and “Laws and Usages of War” (Oct.1861—Feb. 1862), Lieber MSS, Eisenhower Library, Johns Hopkins University,box 2, items 15, 16 – 18.

[49] Lieber, “Laws and Usages of War,” Lieber MSS, John Hopkins University, box 2,item 17. contentio justa出自Alberico Gentili (1552—1608), 转引自Kennedy,Influence of Christianity on International Law,91。

[50] Lieber, “Civil War,” Lieber MSS, John Hopkins University, box 2, item 18;Lieber, Guerrilla Parties, 21; Witt, Lincoln’s Code, 193 – 96.

[51] halleck to Lieber, Aug. 6, 1862; Lieber to Halleck, Aug. 9, 1862, Lieber MSS,HEH, LI 1646, 1758.

[52] Lieber to Bates, Nov. 9, 1862, Lieber MSS, HEH, LI 852.

[53] halleck, annotation to Lieber, Code for the Government of Armies in the Field,25 – [26], HEH, 243077.

[54] Lieber to Halleck, March 4, 1863, Lieber MSS, HEH 1778; compare Lieber,[U.S. Field Order 100.] Section X.

[55] Lieber, Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field, 34.

[56] Neff, War and the Law of Nations, 256 – 57.

[57] U.S. Constitution, article I, secs. 8 – 9; Fourteenth Amendment (1868), sec. 3.

[58] 也可参见U.S. Naval War Records Office,Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the war of the Rebellion。

[59] Witt, Lincoln’s Code, 340 – 45.

[60] U.S. Department of War, Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field.

[61] Ramsey, Masterpiece of Counterguerrilla Warfare, 119 – 41.

[62] 比如Davis, Military Laws of the United States, 798; U.S. Department of War,Rules of Land Warfare; U.S. Department of War, Basic Field Manual; U.S.Department of the Army, Law of Land Warfare, 9。更多详情参见Kretchik, U.S.Army Doctrine。

[63] Compare Fleche, Revolution of 1861.

[64] Coulter, “Name for the American War of 1861—1865,” 123, quoting Mildred Rutherford; Hoar, South’s Last Boys in Gray, 524 – 25 (estimating 120 names for the war); Musick, “War by Any Other Name”; Coski, “War Between the Names”; Manning and Rothman, “Name of War.”

[65] Thomas M. Patterson, Congressional Record (Jan. 11, 1907), 944, in Record Group 94 (Office of the Adjutant General), Administrative Precedent File (“Frech File”), box 16, bundle 58, “Civil War,” National Archives, Washington, D.C.

[66] Congressional Record (Jan. 11, 1907), 944 – 49; clipping from unnamed Washington, D.C., newspaper, Jan. 12, 1907, “Frech File,” National Archives,Washington, D.C.

[67] Coulter, “Name for the American War of 1861—1865,” 128 – 29; United Daughters of the Confederacy, Minutes of the Twenty-First Annual Convention of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, 298.

[68] Blight, Race and Reunion, 15, 300 – 337.

[69] Melville, “The Surrender at Appomattox (April, 1865),” in Published Poems,100; Thomas, “‘My Brother Got Killed in the War,’ ” 301 – 3.

[70] Lucan, Bellum civile 1.128, in Lucan, Civil War, trans. Braund, 6; Jacob,Testament to Union, 169; Malamud, “Auctoritas of Antiquity,” 310 – 11.