注释（第5/9页）

[52] Journals of the House of Commons, 6:107, 111, quoted in Orr, Treason and the State, 173.

[53] Bauman, Crimen Maiestatis in the Roman Republic and Augustan Principate,271–77; Orr, Treason and the State, 12, 44 – 45 (referring to 25 Edward III, st. 5,c. 3); Digest 48.4.3.

[54] hobbes, Leviathan, 2:192.

[55] Ibid., 2:256, 274, 278, 282.

[56] hobbes, “Questions Relative to Hereditary Right” (1679), in Writings on Common Law and Hereditary Right, 177– 78.

[57] Locke, Two Treatises of Government, 137 (“The Preface”).

[58] Woolhouse, Locke, 11.

[59] 例如Harrison and Laslett, Library of John Locke, items 2, 561– 62, 927,1146 – 48, 1818 –19, 2792b, 3060。

[60] Locke, Two Treatises of Government, 278 (2nd Treatise, § 16).

[61] Ibid., 416 –17 (2nd Treatise, §§ 227, 228).

[62] Locke, “On Allegiance and the Revolution” (ca. April 1690), in Political Essays, 307.

[63] Pocock, “Fourth English Civil War,” 153, 159.

[64] Sidney, Discourses Concerning Government, 198, 187– 89.

[65] Ibid., 193, 196 – 99.

[66] Sidney, Court Maxims, 20.

[67] Sidney, Discourses Concerning Government, 121.

[68] Ibid., 198.

[69] Filmer, Patriarcha, 54, 55–56, 57, 58.

[70] Sidney, Discourses Concerning Government, 120.

[71] Ibid., 172.

[72] Montesquieu, Reflections on the Causes of the Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire, 61; Bates, States of War, 160 – 64.

[73] Jouffroy, Mélanges philosophiques par Théodore Jouffroy, 140 (“Les guerresciviles de l’Europe sont finies”).

第四章 革命时代的内战 18世纪

[1] Abdul-Ahad, “ ‘Syria Is Not a Revolution Any More.’ ”

[2] Compare Viola, “Rivoluzione e guerra civile,” 24: “In un certo senso la rivoluzione sprovincializza la guerra civile.”

[3] Arendt, On Revolution, 12.

[4] 在Encyclopédie的“战争”这一词条中，同样没有提到Civil war［Guerre］。在Dictionnaire de l’Académie Française (1762)第四版中将Guerre civile,& guerre intestine定义为La guerre qui s’allume entre les peuples d’un mêmeÉtat。参见the ARTFL Project’s“Dictionnaires d’autrefois”。http://artflproject.uchicago.edu /content/dictionnaires-dautrefois.

[5] Koselleck, “Historical Criteria of the Modern Concept of Revolution,” trans.Tribe, 47, 48, 49。revolution和civil war两个概念的连续性，参见Koselleck,Critique and Crisis, 160 – 61; Bulst et al., “Revolution, Rebellion, Aufruhr,Bürgerkrieg,” esp. 712 –14, 726 –27, 778 – 80。

[6] Momigliano, “Ancient History and the Antiquarian,” 294; Goulemot, Le règne de l’histoire, 127–56.

[7] Echard, The Roman History from the Building of the City to the Perfect Settlement of the Empire by Augustus Cæsar.

[8] Vertot, Histoire de la conjuration de Portugal; Vertot, Histoire des révolutions de Suède où l’on voit les changemens qui sont arrivez; Vertot, Histoire des révolutions de Portugal.

[9] Trakulhun, “Das Ende der Ming-Dynastie in China (1644).”

[10] Sidney, Discourses Concerning Government, 195 – 96.

[11] Vattel, Law of Nations (1758), 3.18.293, ed. Kapossy and Whatmore, 645.

[12] “A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress Assembled” ( July 4, 1776), in Armitage, Declaration of Independence, 165.

[13] Vattel, Law of Nations 1.4.51, 3.1.1–2, ed. Kapossy and Whatmore, 105, 469.

[14] Ibid., 3.18.287, 290, ed. Kapossy and Whatmore, 641, 642.

[15] “Thomas Jefferson’s ‘Original Rough Draft’ of the Declaration of Independence,” in Armitage, Declaration of Independence, 161.

[16] Vattel, Law of Nations 3.18.292, ed. Kapossy and Whatmore, 644 – 45. On Vattel’s doctrine of civil war, see Rech, Enemies of Mankind, 209 –13, 216 –20.

[17] Vattel, Law of Nations 3.18.293, ed. Kapossy and Whatmore, 645.

[18] Ibid., 3.18.295, ed. Kapossy and Whatmore, 648 – 49.

[19] Zurbuchen, “Vattel’s ‘Law of Nations’ and the Principle of Non-intervention”;Pitts, “Intervention and Sovereign Equality.”

[20] Vattel, Law of Nations 2.4.56, ed. Kapossy and Whatmore, 290 – 91.

[21] Braund, “Bernard Romans.”

[22] Romans, To the Hone. Jno. Hancock Esqre.; Romans, Philadelphia, July 12.1775.

[23] Romans, Annals of the Troubles in the Netherlands.

[24] Belcher, First American Civil War, is the exception that proves the rule.

[25] Paine, Common Sense, in Collected Writings, 25.

[26] O’Shaughnessy, Empire Divided; more generally, see Armitage, “First Atlantic Crisis.”

[27] Lawson, “Anatomy of a Civil War”; Shy, People Numerous and Armed,183– 92; Wahrman, Making of the Modern Self, 223 –37, 239– 44; Simms, Three Victories and a Defeat, 593–600; Klooster, Revolutions in the Atlantic World,11– 44; Jasanoff, Liberty’s Exiles, 21–53.

[28] Elliott, Empires of the Atlantic World, 352.

[29] Bollan, The Freedom of Speech and Writing upon Public Affairs, Considered;with an Historical View of the Roman Imperial Laws Against Libels, 158 –59.关于Bollan对罗马史的运用，参见York, “Defining and Defending Colonial American Rights,” 213。

[30] Price, Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty, 91.

[31] Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations 4.7.c, ed.Campbell and Skinner, 2:622.

[32] Pocock, “Political Thought in the English-Speaking Atlantic, 1760—1790,”256 –57.

[33] Newport Mercury, April 24, 1775, quoted in Breen, American Insurgents,American Patriots, 281– 82.

[34] Civil War; a Poem; Hartley, Substance of a Speech in Parliament, upon the State of the Nation and the Present Civil War with America, 19; Roebuck, Enquiry,Whether the Guilt of the Present Civil War in America, Ought to Be Imputed to Great Britain or America.

[35] [Jackson], Emma Corbett; Wahrman, Making of the Modern Self, 243 – 44.

[36] Cooper, introduction (1831) to Spy, 13; Larkin, “What Is a Loyalist?”

[37] Pocock, Three British Revolutions, 1641, 1688, 1776.

[38] “A Declaration…Seting Forth the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms”( July 6, 1775), in Hutson, Decent Respect to the Opinions of Mankind, 96, 97(my emphasis).

[39] Lord North to George III, July 26, 1775, quoted in Marshall, Making and Unmaking of Empires, 338.

[40] Paine, Common Sense, in Collected Writings, 45 – 46.

[41] Ibid., 18 –19. Compare Howell, Twelve Several Treatises, of the Late Revolutions in These Three Kingdomes, 118, where the total of “rebellions” since 1066 is given as “near upon a hundred.”

[42] On Paine and the “republican turn” in 1776, see Nelson, Royalist Revolution,108–45.

[43] “Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress Assembled” ( July 4, 1776), in Armitage, Declaration of Independence, 165, 170.

[44] Beaulac, “Emer de Vattel and the Externalization of Sovereignty.”