第八章 士兵的信仰冲突与服从（第11/11页）

同样，在第一次世界大战中，美国深知爱国主义对战时士气的意义，并主动加以引导。在19世纪，宗教和世俗的私人机构负责向美国人解释内战的意义；在第一次世界大战中，则由公共信息委员会（简称CPI）负责进行战时宣传，并向美国公众解释这场危机。委员会的成员之一，后来的公共关系专家爱德华·伯奈斯（Edward Bernays）称之为“操控共识”，他认为这一概念意味着“劝服和建议的自由，同时也是民主进程的核心”[30]。

事实上，在1917年之后，美国的共识有时候并不是操控的结果，而是强迫所致。但这丝毫没有损害公共信息委员会传达的国家主义信息。实际上，它的存在本身就代表了一种传播革命的勃兴，或者至少象征传播革命进入了一个新的发展阶段。美国的传播革命始于早期殖民地的印刷品；随着塞缪尔·莫尔斯（Samuel Morse）让美国人可以通过电报彼此交流，传播革命快速发展；当铁路跨越大平原时，传播革命的势头越来越猛，最终登上了早期电影工业的大荧幕。公共信息委员会仅仅是一种联邦外衣下的旧式国家主义。这种国家主义建立在对自由、美国民主和未来的信仰之上，而不是建立在威尔逊所期许的源于冲突的自由之上。它是西奥多·罗斯福的信仰、奥利弗·霍姆斯的信仰，也是威廉·杜波依斯的信仰。它是1917年之后定义美国民主的“士兵的信仰”。很快，这个国家就将再一次需要它。

注释：

[1]Official Proceedings of the Democratic National Convention Held in Chicago, Illinois, July 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11, 1896 (Logansport, Indiana, 1896) 226-234, 230.

[2]J.B. Henderson speech, Wilmington, Delaware, October 19, 1896, quoted St.Louis Post-Dispatch, October 30, 1896.

[3]Roosevelt quoted in H. W. Brands, The Reckless Decade: America in the 1890s(New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995) 258.

[4]New York Mail and Express quoted in Jonathan Auerbach, “McKinley at Home:How Early American Cinema Made News, ”American Quarterly, 51, 4 (December 1999) 797-832, 806.

[5]McKinley's first inauguration can be viewed via YouTube, available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F4uOmSEw5-U.

[6]James Monroe, Annual Message to Congress, Senate, December 2, 1823, Annals of Congress, 18th Congress, 1st Session, 13-14.

[7]Alfred Thayer Mahan, “The United States Looking Outward, ”The Atlantic Monthly, 66: 398 (December, 1890) 816-834, 817, 819.

[8]Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis (New York: The American Home Mission Society, 1885) v, 218, 165, 177, 218.

[9]“Platform of the American Anti-Imperialist League, ”in Frederick Bancroft (ed.), Speeches, Correspondence, and Political Papers of Carl Schurz, Vol. 6 (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1913) 77; Erving Winslow, The Anti-Imperialist League: Apologia Pro Vita Sua (Boston: Anti-Imperialist League, 1908) 14.

[10]Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., “The Soldier's Faith: An Address Delivered on Memorial Day, May 30, 1895, Harvard University, ”in Richard A. Posner (ed.), The Essential Holmes: Selections from the Letters, Speeches, Judicial Opinions, and Other Writings of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. (Chicago and London: Chicago University Press, 1992) 87-88, 92.

[11]Pershing quoted in Gary Gerstle, American Crucible: Race and Nation in the Twentieth Century (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2001) 35.

[12]Theodore Roosevelt, Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail (1888. Reprint. New York:The Century Company, 1911) 2.

[13]Theodore Roosevelt, “The Strenuous Life, ”in Roosevelt, The Strenuous Life:Essays and Addresses (New York: Cosimo, 2006) 1, 3.

[14]Josiah Strong, Expansion: Under New World-Conditions (New York: Baker and Taylor Co., 1900) 18-19.

[15]Arthur S. Link, Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910-1917 (New York: Harpers, 1954).

[16]Rudyard Kipling, “The White Man's Burden, ”McClure's Magazine, February 12, 1899;“The Brown Man's Burden”first appeared inTruth and was later reprinted in the Literary Digest, February 25, 1899.

[17]Theodore Roosevelt, “True Americanism, ”The Forum Magazine (April, 1894), available at: http://www.Theodore-roosevelt.com/trspeeches.html (June 20, 2010).

[18]Schlosser's Fast Food Nation originally appeared as a series in Rolling Stone in 1999. Upton Sinclair, The Jungle (1906. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1984) 129.

[19]Theodore Roosevelt, “The New Nationalism, ”Osawatomie, Kansas, August 31, 1910, available at: http://www.Theodore-roosevelt.com/trspeeches.html (June 20, 2010).

[20]Woodrow Wilson, “Address at Gettysburg, July 4, 1913, ”available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=65370 (June 20, 2010).

[21]Theodore Roosevelt, “Case Against the Reactionaries, ”Chicago, June 17, 1912.

[22]Woodrow Wilson, Second Annual Message to Congress, December 8, 1914.

[23]S. Margaret Fuller, Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1845. London: George Slater, 1850) 27, 21.

[24]Elizabeth Cady Stanton, A History of Woman Suffrage, Vol. 1 (Rochester: Fowler and Wells, 1889) 70-71.

[25]Mary Church Terrell, “The Justice of Woman Suffrage, ”The Crisis, September 1912, quoted in Marjorie Spruill Wheeler (ed.), Votes for Women: The Woman Suffrage Movement in Tennessee, the South, and the Nation (Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1995) 152, 154.

[26]26 Woodrow Wilson, Address to a Joint Session of Congress, April 2, 1917.

[27]The Crisis, June 1918, 60.

[28][To the] FrenchMilitaryMission. stationed with the American Army. August 7, 1918, published as“A French Directive, ”The Crisis, XVIII (May, 1919) 16-18, available at: http://www.yale.edu/glc/archive/1135.htm (June 22, 2010).

[29]W.E.B. Du Bois, “Returning Soldiers, ”The Crisis, May 1919, 13, available at: http://www.yale.edu/glc/archive/1127.htm (June 22, 2010).

[30]Edward L. Bernays, “The Engineering of Consent, ”Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 250 (March 1947): 113-120, quotation 114.